Katha Upanishad: Embedded in the Yajur Veda, the Katha emphasizes the importance of living in the present without worrying about past or future and discusses the concept of mokshaand how it is encouraged by the Vedas.The Kena rejects the concept of intellectual pursuit of spiritual truth claiming one can only understand Brahman through self-knowledge. Kena Upanishad: Embedded in the Sama Veda, the Kena develops themes from the Kausitaki and others with a focus on epistemology.Kausitaki Upanishad: Embedded in the Rig Veda, this Upanishad also repeats themes addressed elsewhere but focuses on the unity of existence with an emphasis on the illusion of individuality which causes people to feel separated from one another/God.Aitereya Upanishad: Embedded in the Rig Veda, the Aitereya repeats a number of themes addressed in the first two Upanishads but in a slightly different way, emphasizing the human condition and joys in a life lived in accordance with dharma.Taittiriya Upanishad: Embedded in the Yajur Veda, the work continues on the theme of unity and proper ritual until its conclusion in praise of the realization that duality is an illusion and everyone is a part of God and of each other.The narratives further develop the concept of Atman-Brahman, Tat Tvam Asi, and dharma. Chandogya Upanishad: Embedded in the Sama Veda, it repeats some of the content of the Brhadaranyaka but in metrical form which gives this Upanishad its name from Chanda (poetry/meter).Deals with the Atman as the Higher Self, the immortality of the soul, the illusion of duality, and the essential unity of all reality. Brhadaranyaka Upanishad: Embedded in the Yajur Veda and the oldest Upanishad.All four, however, maintain the same vision, and the Upanishads for each of these address the themes and concepts expressed. The Rig Veda is the oldest and the Sama Veda and Yajur Veda draw from it directly while the Atharva Veda takes a different course. The thirteen Upanishads, related to the Vedas are: 32 Upanishads from the Krishna-Yajurveda.19 Upanishads from the Shukla-Yajurveda.There are between 180-200 Upanishads but the best known are the 13 which are embedded in the four Vedas known as:Īccording to the Muktikopanishad 108 Upanishads are divided according to four Vedas are as follows: The Upanishads are considered the “end of the Vedas” ( Vedanta) in that they expand upon, explain, and develop the Vedic concepts through narrative dialogues and, in so doing, encourage one to engage with said concepts on a personal, spiritual level. These works are considered Shruti in Hinduism meaning “what is heard” as they are thought to have emanated from the vibrations of the universe and heard by the sages who composed them orally before they were written down between c. The word veda means “knowledge” and the four Vedas are thought to express the fundamental knowledge of human existence. The truths addressed are the concepts expressed in the religious texts known as the vedas which orthodox Hindus consider the revealed knowledge of creation and the operation of the universe. The name is translated as to “sit down closely” as one would to listen attentively to instruction by a teacher or other authority figure, but Upanishad has also been interpreted to mean “secret teaching” or “revealing underlying truth”. The Upanishads are the philosophical-religious texts of Hinduism (also known as Sanatan Dharma meaning “Eternal Order” or “Eternal Path”) which develop and explain the fundamental tenets of the religion.
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